The downside is that changes to the page structure might destroy the relationship, resulting in the style rule no longer being applied. Using selectors to target elements based on their relationship to their immediate siblings avoids the need to pepper your code with classes. If any other element comes between them, the rule doesn’t apply. In other words, h1 + p tells the browser to apply the rule only to elements that immediately follow an heading. The selector on the left of the plus sign identifies the element that must precede the element that matches the selector on the right. The adjacent sibling selector, which consists of two selectors separated by a plus sign (+), is designed precisely for this purpose. For example, you might want to apply a different style to each first paragraph that follows a heading. Sometimes it’s convenient to apply a style rule to an element only if it immediately follows another element at the same level of the document hierarchy (a sibling). In the next chapter, I’ll show you how to adapt it for display in mobile phones and tablets through the use of media queries. In this chapter, you’ll learn how to apply progressive enhancement to a website for a fictitious hotel. Visitors using earlier browsers get a satisfactory experience when they upgrade, they automatically see the improved features. They advocate progressive enhancement-building a website that works satisfactorily in all current browsers and then adding features to improve the experience for visitors using more advanced browsers. In more recent times, leading designers have turned this idea on its head, arguing that you shouldn’t need to wait for the majority of browsers to implement a feature before using it. If a feature couldn’t be supported by a particular browser-usually Netscape 4-a fallback solution prevented the design from breaking completely. A more enlightened approach known as graceful degradation emerged with the web standards movement in the first decade of the new century. But if you weren’t using IE-and many weren’t-it was still your hard luck.
When IE eventually emerged as the victor in the browser wars, many designers breathed a sigh of relief and designed exclusively for IE. If you weren’t using the recommended browser, that was just your hard luck. Designers often gave up trying to reconcile incompatible differences between Internet Explorer (IE) and Netscape. When we treat them as if they were what they should be, we improve them as far as they can be improved.īack in the 1990s, it was common for the front page of a website to inform visitors that it was “best viewed” in a particular browser.
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